Historical period: The new age began in Padua and other urban communes of northern Italy in the 14th century, where lawyers and notaries imitated ancient Latin style and studied Roman archaeology. The key figure in this study of the classical heritage was “PETRARCH”, who spent most of his life attempting to understand ancient culture and captured the enthusiasm of popes, princes, and emperors who wanted to learn more of Italy's past. Petrarch's success stirred countless others to follow literary careers hoping for positions in government and high society. In the next generations, students of Latin rhetoric and the classics, later known as humanists, became chancellors of Venice and Florence, secretaries at the papal court, and tutors and orators in the despotic courts of northern Italy. Renaissance humanisum became the major intellectual movement of the period, and its achievements became permanent.

Science:
No single philosophy or ideology dominated the intellectual life of the Renaissance. Early humanists had stressed a flexible approach to the problems of society and the active life in service of one's fellow human beings. In the second half of the 15th century, Renaissance thinkers such as Marsilio FICINO at the Platonic Academy in Florence turned to more metaphysical speculation. Though favored by the humanists, Plato did not replace Aristotle as the dominant philosopher in the universities. Rather there was an effort at philosophical syncretism, to combine apparently conflicting philosophies, and find common ground for agreement about the truth as did Giovanni PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA in his Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486). Renaissance science consisted mainly of the study of medicine, physics, and mathematics, depending on ancient masters, such as Galen, Aristotle, and Euclid. Experimental science in anatomy and alchemy led to discoveries both within and outside university settings.
( Web Museum, La: Renaissance)

References:

WebMuseum, (1995), Historical period, Retrieved from http://www.navigo.com/wm/paint/glo/renaissance/

ABC words, (2002), 42explore2, retrieved from http://www.42explore2.com/renaissance.htm

References

Renaissance fashion,(2005), Real armor of god, retrieved from, http://www.realarmorofgod.com/renaissance-fashion.html

This blog is to discuss the main events which tells howtechnology helped to tranfer the information and helped discusions in National Dialouge.

By gathering people together, many ideas can be brought to one place and National dialogue can broaden the public understanding of complex legislation and regulations.
1. Effective Education. Information Renaissance works with collaborating organizations to identify and prepare background materials that provide a thorough introduction to the issues under discussion. Because of the scope, quantity and searchability of these materials, participants can easily learn a great deal about complicated problems.
2. Wide-ranging Recruitment. Staff work with professional organizations, public interest, non-profit organizations and media outlets to recruit a demographically broad audience for participation in the Dialogue.
3. High Quality Discussion. A National Dialogue is an asynchronous disucssion - unlike a chat room, which takes place in real time. This format means that participation is not limited to any particular time of day and makes it much easier to accommodate different time zones and busy schedules.
A more substantive discussion can evolve when participants have time to consult reference materials, think about the contributions made by others and have the time to compose their own thoughtful messages.
4. Extensive Interaction. The National Dialogue allows for two-way communication among subject experts, government officials and members of the general public. Participants thereby enjoy quick responses to their questions.

National Dialogue have the following benefits
• Americans can come together online to discuss a complex issue in a deliberative manner. At the same time they can provide government officials with informed feedback on proposals under active consideration.
• The Roundtables provide a forum where experts, elected representatives and government regulators can discuss a policy issue in more nuanced detail. Instead of trading sound bites, the panelists can develop an argument in detail and educate the participants more fully about their outlook on a particular problem.
• An archive of important material is developed during the Dialogue. Background resources, Roundtable discussions and participants' messages are preserved in an online repository. Large numbers of people who did not directly participate in the online Dialogue can thus benefit from the discussions that took place.
• The Web site can be maintained long after the Dialogue has concluded. It provides a valuable archive of authoritative information on the topic.

Resources

Reischauer. R (2005), Information Renaissance National Dialogues, The Urban Institute, Retrieved from http://www.network-democracy.org/epa-pip/about/nd.shtml

Jolliff. C (2006), The crossroads group, California’s only permanent Renaissance village, Retrieved from, http://www.renaissanceinfo.com/

Art and sculpture were the new forms of painting which are discovered. The artists were compared with the poets and writer for the time first time during the renaissance. Mathematics and painting was combined to draw a relatively precise image which is both rational and proportional. It is during this time they have discovered the oil paint and mix colors. They have studied how light travels and strikes the objects and how human eyes receive it.
Printing

Printing is one of the important technologies developed progressively in this time period. They first used movable metal pieces, and then could be rearranged to form words and sentences. Johan Gutenberg was the first to print the book. It was a copy of bible. By 1500 printing presses were spread all over and printing was affordable and everyone could read the books. It made books cheaper and everyone could afford them. So literature spread worldwide at that time where only priests and monks and church officials were only able to read. They became intreasted in other language books as everyone started to read the local languages and hence people started reading other languages like English, Portuguese, and Spanish.
Other than painting and reading, people developed interest in politics. Everyone started to know about the town other than one they are in. They have belief of serving the church and getting to heaven. As the literacy increased people recognized that Catholic churches only told populous what they wanted them to hear. This caused many people to break away and form protestant religious.

Renaissance produced many great minds like Leonardo da Vinci. He was not regarded as a genious at his time. His art work of Mona Lisa and The last supper we one of the best even today. He earned the crdit for the idea of the helicopter. Another great mind was the Martin Luther. His beliefs challenged the church although many people agreed with his ideas.
It was the time of awakening in Europe. It include the general loss of power by church and increase in literacy and education.

References
European Renaissance, (2006), Essay finder.com, retrieved form http://www.cyberessays.com/History/24.htm

It is all about selling the products in a good price without any dealers in between the company and the customers. Customers should be able to order the products they are looking for directly form the companies website. This is where the web2.0 technologies come into play.
According to James champy the ideas behind the X-engineering are:

• Start with a great aspiration- re inventing the whole industry, re creating the whole process for example.
• Being persistent in the same field. The time to adopt new things in the industry may take longer than expected and the business may take a few unexpected turns.
• Separated industries provide a great opportunity to the customer, offering great choice with the easy search and purchase.
• Always start slowly with a simple proposition and start building the proposition in the direction lead by the market. But the companies should be ready to adjust the proposition based on the customer’s requirements. Unique processes can be the proposition that can be offered to the customers.
• Share unique differentiator processes with your customers or otherwise be open with your processes and share good ideas.
• Developing a common or a standard information technology helps to communicate between the organizations easily. This is a huge business asset.
• A trust should be created to make stronger relationships with partners and assure their participation in the proposition.
• Pull and push process between the customers and the company must be understood and so live with it. It enables you to build a company that has a virtual scale as large as industry.

References
Champy. J,(2002), X-engineering the corporation, X-engineering in action, warner books, Inc.

Web as platform:
Double Click and Akamai were web 2.0 pioneers, yet we see how it is possible to realize that there are many more possibilities by embracing additional web2.0 design patterns.

Netscape Vs Google

Netscape framed the web as platform, but in the terms of old software. The product was the web browser which is a desktop application. It is established to for high price server products. Netscape provided a webtop which is to replace a desktop and planned to populate it with information updates and applets by information providers who will purchase Netscape servers.
On the other hand Google, which began its life as a web application, but delivered the service to the customers for which it was paid directly or indirectly. There is licensing of the software and no scheduled software releases and no updates, but it went on with a steady continuous improvement. Google service is not a server application, but it is delivered by a massive collection of servers.
Both Netscape and Google could be considered as software companies. It is clear that netscape belongs to the companies like oracle or Microsoft whereas Google belongs to the internet applications like Amazon, ebay, etc..

DoubleClick Vs Overture and Adsense

Double click was a pioneer of web services long before web services even had a name. But this was limited to the business model only. In 1990’s the size mattered and that the internet was being dominated by the top websites which were measured by media matrix and other web ad scoring companies. Finally doubleclick had an advantage of citing proudly on its website as over 2000 sucessful implementations of its software.
Google came to an understanding and make all the small website in to a collectively big one and turned into a bulk of web contents. Overture and google figured out how to place ads on virtually any webpage. They have pop-up’s and consumer friendly text advertising.

Akamai Vs BitTorrent

Akamai is same as Double-click and is optimized to do business. It serves the individuals at the web by smoothing their access to a high demand sites at the center.
Bit torrent is a p2p software. Here every host is a server. The files are broken up into fragments that can be reassembled from different locations. If the file is more popular the faster the file the file can be transferred, as there are more hosts which can provide the file with more bandwidth and parts of the file to complete the file.

References
O’Reilly, (2007), Akamai vs Bit torrent, retrieved from http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html?page=2

Web 2.0, (2007), characteristics, retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2#Characteristics

Everyone is having problems with managing our time. What matters the most is how we deal with it. By being a good manager one should commit himself to learn from the best and that means by acquiring the books and tools to put by time management. Learning about time management does make anyone good at it. In order to be successful, one have to develop a process of evaluating his own progress and developing a process by which one can refine his time management habits continuously

It doesn’t matter how smart one can be, if they cannot organize the information well enough to take it in. In today’s world one can differentiate themselves by the ability to handle information and manage time. “ careers are made or broken by soft skills thay make you ablw to hand a very large workload.” Merlin Mann.

1. Don’t leave e-mail sitting in Inbox: The important skill one needs is to respond to the skill when one gets it. As soon as one gets a task he should be able to turn it into action. Organize all the emails into folders. If it is something to do in a day or two, move the e-mail into to-do list. If it is a meeting with someone, make a note on the calendar, if it is a reference, print it out.

2. Avoid multitasking: “A 20 year- old is less likely to feel overwhelmed by demands to multitask, but young people still have a loss of productivity from multitasking.” Trapani. People cannot concentrate in two things at the same time. Even if they do they do have the ability to produce a quality work.

3. Do the most important thing first: Start doing the most important thing as the first thing to do in the day before even you check the email. If you start doing the work at least for an hour and even it is not completed in that time frame, you can go back and do it again always. This is best if we can organize the night before so when you start working you already know what is the most important task of the day is.

4. Check your e-mail on a schedule: It is not important each and every e-mail as it arrives. Just because someone has sent an email and can contact you immediately doesn’t mean that you have to respond them immediately. – Dan Markovitz (President of productivity consulting firm TimeBack management). People want a predictable response, not an immediate one. As long as they know how to reach you in emergency, most of the emails can be answered just a few times a day.

5. Keep web site address organized: Keeping track of the website address as a book mark is the one of the easiest way to have the web organized. It is important to save them all at one place so that they can be retrieved easily. As there is a saying which goes as Don’t hide it where you can find it”.

6. Know when you work the best: Some people work in the morning and they consider as the best time. People should be more productive in the time they are working and try to schedule in that time period. You need to manage the time schedule to keep your best time free for most of your important work.

7. Minimize your keystrokes: Keystrokes matter the efficiency, if you are on the computer the whole day. Try to reduce the key strokes by 3 times a day.

8. Make it easy to get started: No one have problems in finishing the projects, but everyone have troubles in starting them. Try to break down the projects into as many chunks as you can try to finish them as soon as you can so that you don’t have to get overwhelmed.

9. Organize your to-do list everyday: Some people try to rewrite the things again and again as it shows the commitment of doing the things. Other people like software to do that for them. But of all know what you have to do on that day as you cannot start anything without knowing what to do.

10. Dare to be slow: There are more important things to do rather than responding the emails. Some time starting the work need a specific time.

For more information refer to the website 1) http://blog.penelopetrunk.com/2006/12/10/10-tips-for-time-management-in-a-multitasking-world/
http://www.managingmytime.com/Being-A-Student-Of-Time-Management.html

Sometimes work requires cooperation and coordination of several departments within a company and it is often a source of trouble. When retailers return a source of goods for credit to a consumer products, manufacturer there are several departments that are involved in receiving and accepting a goods. The departments like the inventory management, promotions, sales, general accounting updates, adjustments and so on departments come into play. Yet no one is responsible of handling returns. Returned goods end up missing in the storage in the warehouse.
The worst part is unhappy retailers are less likely to promote the manufacturer’s new products. They also delay in paying the bills and often pay only what they owe after deducting the value of the returns. This leads the manufactures accounts into web that is never there, since the customers check doesn’t match the manufactures invoice.

If managers can’t decide what their companies are in trouble, neither do they agree on what to do about it. Some people think companies would bounce back if only they had the right products and services for the times. “It is not the products but the processes that create products that bring companies long-term success” (Champy. J).

Some people think that automation is the answer to business problems. True computers can speed up the work and in the twenty to 40 years companies have spend billions of dollars to automate the tasks that people once did by hand. Automation does get some jobs done faster, but ultimately same jobs are being done.

The word re-engineering has earned a bad name in the economy as people tend to spend more money on the name of saving money or due to performing the re-engineering activities in the adverse conditions.

Conclusion: The problem is that companies are doing business in the twenty-first century with companies desined during the nineteenth century to work well in the twentieth century. There is high need of a system which is something entirely different.

References:

Strassmann. P.A (1995-2006) Strassmann Inc, retrieved on November 31, 2007 from website http://www.strassmann.com/pubs/reengineering.html

Reengineering (2007), retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reengineering

Champy.J and Hammer M (2005) Reengineering the corporation, the crisis that will never go away, harpercollins publishers

References

The emerging art of negotiation, (2007), retrieved on November 28, 2007 from the website http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/1517.html
The art of Negotiation, (2007) retrieved on November 28, 2007 from the website http://alliedhealthmag.com/interview/negotiating.html
Cohen. H, 1980, You can negotiate anything, Kensington publishing corp.

India has strong traditions of poetry, as well as prose writing. This is often closely related to musical traditions, and most poetry can be attributed to religious movements. Writers and philosophers were often also skilled poets. In modern times, poetry has served as an important non-violent tool of nationalism during the Indian freedom movement. A famous modern example of this tradition can be found in such figures as Rabindranath Tagore and K. S. Narasimhaswamy in modern times and poets. Two examples of poetry from Tagore's Gitanjali serve as the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh

The first sculptures in India date back to the Indus Valley civilization, where stone and bronze carvings have been discovered. This is one of the earliest instances of sculpture in the world. Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced some of the most intricate bronzes in the world, as well as unrivalled temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at Ellora were not actually constructed using blocks, but instead carved out of solid rock, making them perhaps the largest and most intricate sculptures in the world

Clothing in India Saris are popular in the southern half of India and certain parts of the northern half as well. Alternatively, women can wear salwar kamis or lehngas. For men it consists of the Dhoti or Lungi and currently the kurta top is very popular. Cuisine of India The multiple families of Indian cuisine are characterized by their sophisticated and subtle use of many spices and herbs. Each family of this cuisine is characterized by a wide assortment of dishes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is vegetarian, many traditional Indian dishes also include chicken, goat, lamb, fish, and other meats. Food is an important part of Indian culture, playing a role in everyday life as well as in festivals.

In many families, everyday meals usually consisting of two to three main course dishes, varied accompaniments such as chutneys and pickles, carbohydrates such as rice and roti (bread), as well as desserts. India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in the world, with many religious societies and cultures. Religion plays a central role in the life of the country and most of its people. The religion of more than 80.4% of the people is Hinduism, considered the world's oldest religious and philosophical system. Islam is practiced by around 13.4% of all Indians. Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism are systems that are strong and influential not only in India but across the world (The Hindu, Business line).

Modern India has produced some of the world's most influential philosophers of modern times, who have written both in their native languages, and often English. During the time when British occupied India, various thinkers, both secular and religious, achieved a new level of recognition across the world as both ancient Indian texts, and the work of contemporary Indian philosophers was translated into English, German and other languages. Swami Vivekananda travelled to America and participated in the 1893 World Parliament of Religions, impressing delegates with his speech that for the first time gave access to eastern, Indian, Hindu and dharma philosophy to western intellectuals. As well as various religious thinkers Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore and other members of the Indian freedom movement, generated political philosophy, and formed the basis of modern Indian democracy, secularism and liberalism. Today, economists such as Amartya Sen, who won Asia's first Nobel Prize in economics, continue to give India a reputation as an important contributor to world thought.

References:
Culture of India, (2007). Visual art, Retrieved on November 25, 2007. From website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India

Daniel. A, (2005), information on India-religions in india, Retrieved on November 25, 2007. From website http://adaniel.tripod.com/religions.htm

2) Interpersonal communication: people who are trying to contact with the other person. This is the most common for of communication. People talking on the phone, teacher explaining the subject to the student in a class.

3) Mass media communications: communication with people from other culture. The key to effective cross-culture communication is knowledge. It is essential for people to understand the potential problem of cross culture communication and make an effect to overcome these problems this is so important in its own perspective as, when doing business with the international people understanding them and behaving properly in the meeting is a very important issue as the others should not get offended.
“culture and past experiences play a major role in a persons language or perspective in communicating”( Coburn, T. personal communication).

I see communication as a process of transmitting the message from a transmitter through a channel in a common media, to the receiver and to the final destination. If the communication is done over a specific channel or through electronic equipment encoding at the transmitter and decoding at the receiver is needed.
The transmitter usually sends the message which is encoded at the transmitting section, by a microphone (say) and is sent to the modulation section. In this section the signal is modulated according to the type of the transmission scheme. The signals are transmitted to the common media channel and they are received at the receiver side here the signals obtained are decoded and sent to the speaker if it was the end device. “By responding to the senders’ message, the receiver now becomes the sender. Consequently, the senders become the receiver, but only for a short duration,” (Clark, N. Personal Communication).

This process goes back and forth as a part of communication. Human communication process has a
1) Content EG: experiences, targeting receives, commands, conversations.
2) Source.
3) From: EG: gestures, speech, communication formats.
4) Channel.
5) Destination: both content and form is the destination.
6) Purpose.

The content is the text which we are trying to deliver. Source is where the message is coming from. Form is the format in which the message is going to travel. Channel is the medium through which the message is going to travel. Destination is the place where the message has to reach. Purpose is the reason why the message has been sent.
There are three categories of forms by which the message can be delivered. They are the

Verbal communication: This form of communication is usually between two or more people. This is the most common form of human communication.

Non verbal communication: This form of communication is by gestures, sound, body language etc.
“Body language is an essential part of communication two people could say the same sentence but convey different meanings by simply changing. Their body language” (McCurdy, K. Personal communication).

Symbolic Communication: This form of communication referred in any context. Listening is the most important part of human communication. Unless people listen what transmitter is trying to say they cannot understand and cannot respond.

1) Hearing.
2) Attending.
3) Understanding.
4) Responding.
5) Remembering

According to Tom Peters “Effective listening is engaged listening” (Peters, T. Pg: 528).
When people get engaged in doing some stuff they tend to do it attentively but when comes to the part of listening there are so many deviations.
Listening is important step even in the corporate world. When people step in to the company they need to listen to their team leader first. Otherwise “It is a very humbling experience to make a multimillion dollar mistake but it is a memorable. Moment” (Gillette, personal communication).
Even in the political world only those has much demand who has good listening skills, understand what’s going on, analyze the situation and should be able to give a good response.
Conclusion: In every part of the job or in any situation human communication plays a vital role. Unless people know how to manage themselves, it is tough to keep up with the others in such a cutthroat competition.

Human communication is the important part of the manager-employee relationship. Unless the team members understand what the leader is saying they cannot handle the project correctly. Hence, the results are not as they are expected. Productivity of the employees must be monitored regularly so that they can be positioned according to their rank.

The total outcome of human communication is the productivity. Where there is better communication there will be better management and outcomes will be comparatively high. (Vibashreya, personal communication, August 28, 2007)

The study of communication has taken many turns in various parts of the world. Communication had a different history in the Europe than in America. There is a lot of cultural dominance in communication. (Dennis, personal communication, August 28, 2007)

Initially young men and women from different parts of the world react differently when they start working in a company. However they get comfortable with the work the outcomes will be different. We cannot expect the best out of a person as soon as one enters into the company. There will be backlogs and the person will struggle to keep up the pace with his/her colleagues. “No generality is worth a damn” (Gillette, Personal communication, August 28, 2007).
Getting in pace with the colleagues is very important for the new employees as they have to work along with them in many projects. But generalizing them in every aspect is not the whole idea. They need to get the training first and then gain the expertise in the field they are working.
Most of the universities have the departments of communication like speech communication and mass communication although they are considered as the electives.

University course related to communication are found in many department. When people tell that they are communication experts their primary interest is literature in arts or in mathematics or in biology.
Psychologists consider that communication is the secondary process. They consider the individual behavior and study communication as part of the behavior. In recent years many people have recognized that human communication is the center of all human experiences.

Conclusion: In the 21st century unless people know what human communication is and how it is used in their day-to-day life, it is hard for them to be successful in their professional life.

References:
Wine, D. S, Importance of communication, Retrieved August 26, 2007 from http://roxbury.net/booksites/hc/lic.html

Littlejohn, W. S, Foss, A. K, Theories of human communication, Retrieved August 27, 2007 from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0Ndt6F_G6vsC&oi=fnd&pg=PA2&dq=%22Littlejohn%22+%22Theories+of+Human+Communication.%22+&ots=tRmrlosSmt&sig=b7fdE29VFMut9Em_lz97y5L-osk#PPA18-IA9,M1
Jay Gillette, Personal communication, August 28, 2007
Vibashreya, Personal communication, August 28, 2007
Dennis, Personal communication, August 28, 2007

There are leaders who always give much information which is sometimes not related to the topic. But much information falls on unready ears. They never know when some valuable piece of information is going to come out from a leader’s speech. The speakers are ready to send out the information at all the time but the receivers are not ready.

The average person occupying a position of leadership should exceed the average member of his group to some degree in the factors like capacity, achievement, responsibility, participation and status.
The leadership is a phenomenon which exists between two persons in a social situation. “It is the process of influencing the organized group towards accomplishing its goals” (Roach & Beling, ). It is a working relationship among a group of members in which leader acquires status through active participation and demonstration. If there is any problem regarding anything in an on going project or in a meeting then the group leaders can follow some simple steps.
1) Identify problem: one should identify the problem and the root cause of it.
2) Gather information: collect as much information as you can on that problem and see that the information can some time lead to a solution then and there. “Understanding the information also points us in the direction of getting more data. It points us to where the data will be most useful.” (Johnston, 2007)
3) Develop course of action: start talking actions and plan how to eradicate the problem. Some time’s it might take years to clear the problems.
4) Make a plan: It’s the basic plan how to proceed towards the solution. There might be several phases of executing a plan. Analyze and compare the course of action.
5) Implement the plan: start implementing the plan accordingly. In an organization there are different types of leadership among them the leadership style is the most important one. The style comes into play when the team is handling the projects. The leadership styles are
 Autocratic
 Participative
 Delegative
 Autocratic: This type of leadership is not often in any kind of organization. Usually the leaders will not allow the followers to think or take decisions. They only give orders and the followers are only supposed to execute them. This type of leadership is usually abusive all the time. This is called “bossing people around”. This is one of the bad types of leadership in an organization.
 Participative: This type of leadership is most commonly found in the organizations. The leaders and the followers exchange their ideas before taking the final decision. This is the strength of an organization. The employers will respect that.
 Delegative (free-rein): In this type of leadership the employees are free to take the decisions and the leaders are supposed to know what is going on in the company and have all the knowledge regarding the projects going on in the company because if the things go wrong at some point of time then the leaders are not to blame the employees. They must mot think in anger but should think wisely. When a person steps into the organization he should find out the next immediate boss and his higher laud of people and try to fit himself in the chain. The basic essence of the leadership is to have a vision unless you have the team and become an effective leader.
It is not necessary that a leader has to be a leader in all the situations. He can be a follower in some situations and some other might lead him.(Gardner, J.W) This might be one of the key opportunities to study the strategic leadership refers to the study of executives who have overall responsibility for the firm and how their decision effect organizational outcomes.
“Servant-Leadership is a practical philosophy which supports people who choose to serve first, and then lead as a way of expanding service to individuals and institutions”(Almora, 2007). This type of leadership is practice in all the corporate companies. It is true that people serve first and then they take charge to expand their services to the organizations and to companies and the organizations.
There are four components of strategic leadership that will lead to enhanced organizational performance.
1) Purpose or vision of the firm: Leaders must make a realistic statement about why the firm exists and what is distinctive about it. The statement will then empower members of the organization to develop and execute strategies that are inline with the visions of the firm.
2) Find or explore the core competencies: The core competencies are resources and capabilities that give firms and edge over their rivals.
3) Developing human capital: Here human capital refers to the knowledge of the employee who is actually working for the firm. It is all about the skills, knowledge and abilities of the firms employees.
4) Emphasizing ethical practices: Top managers who use honesty, trust and integrity on their decision making are able to inspire their employees and create an organizational culture that encourages the use of ethical practices.
Strategic controls are accomplished through information exchange that helps to develop strategies where as financial controls are accomplished through setting objective criteria such as performance targets.
Strategic leadership is the ability to influence others that enhance the long term viability of an organization. Strategic leadership is a combination of managerial leadership and visionary leadership. Managerial leaders influence only actions/decisions of those with whom they work and are involved in. Visionary leaders influence the opinions and attitudes of others within the organization. They are concerned with insuring the future of an organization through the development and management of people.
Even in an organization when a leader fails to exercise his duty he is never down or will not hesitate to accept new challenges. Because it’s not how many time you knocked down (D) but it is how many times you got up (D+1)(Dr.Gillette). As long as a person have a clear vision of what the organization’s goal should be and can lead or inspire people towards the goal. You can learn all the technical skills, but you have to have the will to succeed. It’s not what you know in an organization. It’s who you know in the organization.
Some times as a leader, while making decisions you actually have to think how a employee wants to get things done depending on the resources made available to him. This helps to get the work done in an orderly fashion and avoids confusion. What a leader really should do when a project was assigned to him is he should manage complexity first by planning and budgeting setting targets or goals for the future, establishing detailed steps for achieving those targets and then allocating resources to accomplish those plans.
Conclusion: It doesn’t matter whether leaders are born or made or some combination of both, it is clear that leaders are not like other people. Leaders do not have great men or women by being intellectual geniuses to succeed but they just need the right information at right time and this information is not present with all the people. We need to carefully choose the leaders and train them effectively, because every individual does matter.

References
Johnston, B. (2007). The impact of wisdom on decision making process Retrieved on July 16, 2007, from Center for information and Communication Sciences, CICS Weblogs website: http://www.cicsworld.org/bcjohnston/2007/06/the_impact_of_wisdom_on_the_de.html#more
Kotter, J. P. (1990). What leaders really do. In Wren, J. (Eds.). (1995). Leader’s companion: Leader’s Companion Insights on leadership through ages. New York: Free Press.
Burns, J. M. (1980). Transactional and transformational Leadership Leader’s companion: Leader’s Companion Insights on leadership through ages. New York: Free Press.
Stogdill, R. M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership. In J.T Wren,(Ed.), (1995). Leader’s Companion Insights on leadership through ages. New York: Free Press.
Gardener, J. W. (1987). Leaders and follower Leader’s companion: Leader’s Companion Insights on leadership through ages. New York: Free Press.
Rost, J. C. (1991). Leaders and followers are the people in this relationship. In J.T Wren, (Ed.), (1995). Leader’s Companion Insights on leadership through ages. New York: Free Press.
Butler, E. A. (1996). Leadership and direction: Problem Solving: Retrieved on June 26, 2007 from Art and Science of leadership http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leaderdir.html
Butler, G., & Hope, T. (1996). Managing your mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tannenbaum, R. & Schmit, W. How to choose a leadership pattern. Havard Business Review. Retrieved on June 26, 2007, from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leaders/leadstl.html
Alamro, N. (2007, June 6), Servant leadership. Retrieved July 07, 2007 from Center for Information and Communication Sciences, CICS Weblogs Website: http://www.cicsworld.org/blogs/nalamro/2007/06/servantleader.html#more

Requirements: CICS can increase the competitive advantage in the following ways: more technology courses and outside project with Corporate CICS is a very competitive with a social learning program. The center could provide more technological courses such as video editing, web developing, increase student work competencies to further differentiate. Students must be able to participate in the on-going projects with the companies outside so that they will know what the company is expecting from them. This can be a competitive advantage over some other institutions that are providing the similar degree.

Conclusion:
CICS is a program through which students can not only learn the technical communications but also human communication. In my view, a student can benefit as much form the program.

References

Hunt, B. (2007), Using blogs as a source of competitive advantage over your Ecommerce rivals Retrieved July 07, 2007, Mind valley labs Ecommerce research center website: http://blog.mindvalleylabs.com/marketing/source-of-competitive-advantage/

Bsu.edu About CICS Retrieved July 08, 2007, from http://www.bsu.edu/cics/article/0,,34055--,00.html

Porter, M. (2006), Strategy Competitive advantage Retrieved July 09, 2007 Tutor2u supporting teachers: inspiring student’s website: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/competitive_advantage.htm

Winsor, J (Dec 01, 2004) Competitive advantage of blogs Retrieved July 06, 2007, cross dispatches website: http://evelynrodriguez.typepad.com/crossroads_dispatches/2004/12/heres_more_food.html

• Improve ethical decision-making
Professional code of ethics means that practitioners will use a common set of core values and beliefs to serve as a guidelines for ethical decision making.

• Promotes high standards of practice and ethical behavior
The code also defines the behaviors that are acceptable and unacceptable to guide professionals in their interactions with others. Strong code of ethics has procedures to penalize professionals, including loss of the right to continue practice.

• Enhance trust and respect from the general public
Clients often find themselves placed in a position where we must depend on the integrity and good judgment of a professional. A code of ethics enhances the trust and respect of the professional and their profession.

• Provides an evaluation benchmark
An organization should always establish a bench mark before taking the next step in the project. Otherwise there is a chance of getting lost of you don’t know the starting point of the race.

Information can be obtained from an IT organization through periodicals, web sites, meetings, conferences and e-mails. In need of professional standards of competency and conduct, many organizations developed a code of ethics. Two such organizations are the Association for Computing Machinery and the Computer society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Case Study: The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)ACM computing society founded in 1947 serves more than 80,000 professionals in over 100 countries. The ACM has a code of ethics and professional conduct with supplemental explanation and guidelines. The code consists of general moral imperatives, specific responsibilities, organizational leadership imperatives and elements of compliance (George Reynolds pg. 34).

Case Study: The Computer society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE is concerned with number of engineering disciplines other than computing. The society promotes an active exchange of information, ideas, and technological innovations among its members through it many conferences, technical committees and standard working groups. (George Reynolds pg. 35).

Conclusion:
A professional is some one who requires advanced training and experience, must exercise discretion and judgment in his or her course work and whose work cannot be standardized. A professional is expected contribute to society, to participate in lifelong training program.
A professional code of ethics states principles and the code value essential to the work of a particular occupational group. Such a code serves a guideline for the decision making and promotes high standards of practice.

References
Reynolds, G. (2003) Ethics for IT professionals and IT users. Ethics in Information technology. Thompson Course Technology.
Tavani, T. H. (2004) Association for computing machinery(ACM) code of ethics and professional conduct. Ethical issues in an age of information and communication technology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Tavani, T. H. (2004) IEEE/ACM software engineering code of ethics and professional practice . Ethical issues in an age of information and communication technology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.