Objectives:
Since 4G being a speculated technology, there are certain standard objectives to be achieved:

 The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users will be able to access their needs from different internet based mediums.
 A high network capacity with more simultaneous users per hexagonal cell.
 High data rate of about 100Mbits/sec while the user is in mobility and 1Gbits/sec when the user is relatively stationary.
 Smoother and quicker handoffs to the heterogeneous networks.
 High quality of service for multimedia and data support.
 Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks at reduced cost.
 Interoperability with the 1G, 2G and 3G systems and existing wireless standards.

Convergence Services:

To achieve all the above criteria there is an essential need for convergence of wired and wireless networks as well as computers, consumer electronics, and communication technology and several other upcoming technologies.
The convergence brings advantages for both the broadcasting service providers and the cellular mobile operators too.

Broadcaster point of view
The broadcasters get an opportunity to introduce interactivity to their unidirectional point to multipoint broadcasting system. A broadband downlink based on Digital Audio Broadcast/ Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial and narrow band uplink based on 3G cellular systems

Cellular mobile operator point of view
The cellular mobile operators have an opportunity for providing a complimentary broadband downlink in vehicular environments to support IP based multimedia traffic which is inherently symmetrical.

Thus the next generation mobile systems with all its integrated technologies is to bring about WWWW, The World Wide Wireless Web.

As Google develops more intriguing and powerful search based applications, he sees search as the key to global commerce bringing buyers and sellers together world wide. He also challenges that in future there would be a completely web based operating system. According to Battelle, future search will be everywhere from phones to cars to our stereos. Anything digital will have the ability to search. The search should be both ubiquitous and personal too. The final part of this book focuses on the potential future directions of Google and its product development. He acknowledges that Google might just be a "digital fantasy train", he describes the possibility that Google will become the centralizing platform for our entire lives. He also conveys that Search is no longer a stand alone application, a useful but impersonal tool to find some thing on a medium called World Wide Web.

Automobiles such as cars, trucks are our locomotives, which should be given equal importance to that of home. Since cars are almost left in parking and we move to our work, home so on, its always easy for the thieves to break in and move them away Protecting our vehicle as well as other valuables in car such as stereo etc. are all excellent reasons to invest in a car security system. The use of these car security systems not only protects our cars from theft but also to sophisticates the customers with various advantages.
There has been an innovative product Identisafe 09 introduced and just now in service by the company United linkers. This product gives 100% theft free solution by a finger print based Car security system. Finger print is one of the unique things that each and every individual possess, so this is used as a safety factor.
Identisafe 09 NXT works on the basis of biometric sensors. The product consists of sensors and their corresponding circuitry installed at dashboard and at doors. These serve for finger print door entry and finger print car ignition. The product also comes up with a wrist watch along with finger print sensors that has a wireless control of the car doors and car ignition. Auto dialer telephone serves as an added advantage, where if an unauthorized person attempt's to start the car or get access inside the car by placing his finger on the fingerprint scanner on the dashboard then the inbuilt dialer system automatically calls mobile phone number. This system has a memory capacity of up to 10 finger prints i.e. this product allows a maximum of ten users. This protection mode can be switched on or off using a deactivation code based on the users wish.

Airport Security:
Airports are the places where lots of people reach for travel, because of this specific reason airports become a focus on terrorist’s plots. Similarly, the high concentration of people on large airliners, the potential high lethality rate of attacks on aircraft, and the ability to use a hijacked airplane as a lethal weapon provide an alluring target for terrorism. So there is a necessity to insure safety of the passengers.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Transport Security Administration (TSA) are working on these issues and have imposed strict security procedures at nation’s airport. There are various technologies that are now been implemented that had made a protective environment for the passengers. They are Advanced Technology Check Point X rays, Back Scatter, Biometrics, cast scope, Millimeter wave technology, Threat Image protection and whole body Imaging.
AT represents advanced x-ray technologies that will improve carry-on bag screening and enhance airline passenger security. This provides a clear, high-definition x-ray images that improve TSA security officers' ability to detect potential threat items. Rapiscan 620DV provides both a horizontal and vertical x-ray view of carry-on luggage. These two perpendicular views provide a complete perspective regardless of their orientation inside the system. Automated explosives detection software is also applied to scanned images. Backscatter will be able to detect non-metallic devices and objects, as well as weapons or other harmful objects that a passenger may be carrying on his or her person. Biometrics is used up for individual’s identification using finger print, iris scans. Millimeter Wave Technology, another form of body-imaging technology, uses non-ionizing electromagnetic waves to generate an image based on the energy reflected from the body. Threat image protection provides an enhanced method for the detection of explosives.

Personal Security:
There is always a need for personal security. We can’t be with our dear ones at all times, who can protect us from the external threats. Its always precautionary to know the self defense techniques. But we all cannot get to know those techniques, where today’s innovative technologies have paved a way to protect ourselves by certain products. These products are user friendly, had proved to serve its purpose. People can get these devices and can assure themselves of been secured.
There have been many innovative products in the field of self defense; J & L have come up with certain products that have proved to be better. They are Pepper sprays, stun guns, Personal alarms, Child safety products and Safety lights. Pepper Spray is the perfect self-defense weapon to repel attacks. In addition to causing an attacker pain, pepper spray swells the mucous membranes, which makes breathing difficult, and swells the veins in the eyes, causing the eyes to close. These effects last 20-30 minutes and cause no permanent damage. Pepper Spray is simple to use and easy to conceal.
A cell phone stun gun is a self-defense stun device designed to look like a cellular phone. The concept is simple, attacker or anyone else for that matter, will not be able to detect that the cell phone in our hand is actuality packs thousands of volts of knockdown power for instant self-defense . The non-lethal cell phone stun guns are small enough to fit in our pocket or purse and yet deliver the same results as a full size stun gun. These stun guns have a higher instant incapacitation rate than a 9mm handgun, and are legal to carry in most states. When seconds count, a cell phone stun gun can quickly be put into action and incapacitate an attacker so we can escape unharmed.

Internet Security
The Internet in general is wide open are for mischief. We have had problems with hackers breaking into some large organization, it’s absolutely common for viruses to take over personal machines and do bad things, although usually the bad thing is fairly innocuous. For instance sending out large emails to everyone on your contact list. As Bill Gates emphasis on Microsoft security says “Our products should emphasis security right out of the box”.
One of best solution in the market is McAfee Internet Security Suite with Site Advisor. It is a proactive 10-in-1 always-updating security bundle that protects and adds safety ratings to websites and search engines based on spam. It basically analyzes the results and rates websites in detail for unsafe practices such as spamming, misuse of personal information and browser hijacking. When searching with MSN, Google, Yahoo or Ask.com, Site Advisor provides easy-to understand safety rating by three different color coordinates like red (danger), yellow (use caution) or green (safe) that appear next to search results.
McAfee Internet Security Suite automatically guards the computer e-mails &, IM, downloads, photos, music, videos, important document, online banking and shopping, and privacy from viruses, mass-mailing worms, backdoor Trojans and more. It also automatically cleans or quarantines infections with minimal interruption to your computing. McAfee’s world-renowned Avert Labs researchers provide daily updates that deliver fast, immediate protection from the latest threats. Other built-in features include:
• McAfee System Guards watch for activity that may signal a virus, spyware or hacker is on your PC.
• Always active detection that watches key system, Windows, host file and browser settings for suspicious changes such as DNS poisoning or activity that can compromise anti-virus security (e.g., buffer overflow attacks).
• McAfee X-Ray for Windows removes dangerous root-kits and other malware that can hide deep in your operating system.
PC World Magazine named McAfee Site Advisor 15th on their list of the top 100 products of 2007.

Mark conveys that however well positioned, intelligent we may be, we all need some body to buy in. Buy in means understanding, commitment and action in support of our goals. Followers need not take our lead but they should buy what we sell, accept what we say. There are different step by step processes explained in the book to achieve this.

He strongly emphasizes that strategic stories of a positive future have been the most powerful language of buy-in and the most effective way to influence the human mind is to communicate a story.
He also conveys that strategic stories provide us a framework to fill the gap between the future we want and future our audience or customer wants. Then he explains how to develop a strategic story with setting up a generating buy in goal as initial process. Goal is followed by three processes, they are establishing a strategic story line, develop the story line with audience in mind and call for audience actions. So he explains with dozens of examples of individuals who excelled at persuading people to believe, do or buy from Abraham Lincoln to John Welch. Thus he speaks the language of buy in with great personalities to mold powerful thought and emotion in our listeners. In the final part he speaks about applying this language in our life to achieve our goal, what ever the goal might be.

This is a book that inspires action. The ideas are relevant for anyone who wants to succeed in an organizational environment, whether it is educational, nonprofit, or corporate services. By focusing on execution and framing it as a discipline, the authors explains us how to tackle the source of so many organizational problems that often go unnoticed and unattended.

To illustrate these points, the authors convey the stories of leaders with strong character, intelligence, and vision, with which they achieved success for their corresponding organizations. The authors highlight the importance of analytical thinking in transforming conceptual ideas into real life success.

The format and style of the book are of purpose getting readers to understand why execution is essential, providing examples of how to create the discipline of execution, and showing how to put the principles discussed into practice. This is one of the book with which I was inspired a lot. I would prefer that you all should read this book.

He also speaks about how China as an enormous country once hobbled by poverty and Communist ideology came to be the supercharged center of global capitalism. He then goes about how the developments were achieved from basic food items to high power engines. Since due its higher population consumption was so high that products were produced at surplus. Due to this, lower price year after year with a world class speed and strength had been achieved for these products.

Fishman presents a flood of facts, figures, forecasts, and anecdotes and examines the implications of this unprecedented growth for China, the U.S., and the rest of the world. This in turn Challenges America and rest of the World. Statistics says that one third of china’s production cost was put in by foreign investors. Not only is the gadget industry, China also one of the leading countries in wireless technologies, education and so on. He also says that China had kicked the American Asian foot print. Fishman asserts, China, Inc. is a brisk and informative look at why so many American corporations, and American jobs, are heading towards China.

As one of my team mate Denise quotes that “Communication encompasses a persons life time, from very first breadth to last as a need to be heard, understood and to understand others”.

This term can also be quoted with the values for center for information and communication sciences where “ A tool for the maintenance of relationship , communication is two ways equally obligated to clearly and directly participate , by doing this we build a closer relationship among ourselves”. Context and situation speaks a lot in communication.

This communication must make sense to the observer and dual response should be obtained as per the requisite shared meaning. For each and every means of communication there must be a source or speaker, destination or observer and channel or medium of transport which is explained by Shannon Weaver model.
Certain key characteristics of human communication is
1. Communication is a continuous, on going and dynamic process
2. Communication is irreversible but reciprocal
3. This is unrepeatable and transactional.

Verbal Communication:
Language plays an important role in verbal means. If both sender and receiver are of same language then verbal communication would be easier. Verbal communication can be referred to the oral communication with what we converse with each other. Speech, tone, intonation, clarity and accent play a major role in verbal communication. Even in same language, problems in communication occurs due to difference in accent, speed with what we speak and so on. Diction, the word choice must also be considered for effective communication. Thinking clearly before communicating is an important aspect which is paraphrased by Goethe as “If you would like to communicate clearly, you must have clear thoughts”. There are some situations in which we think of something and speak something which may mean completely different.

As Dr.Gillette says “There is logic to all communication”. Analysis and synthesis are two important parts of communication. Analysis is splitting the whole in to parts and dealing with it. Planning and implementation must be in sink, in each and every step we must focus on the keywords so that content reaches the receiver.

Non-Verbal Communication:
These are conveyed by physical actions and not by words. Conveying information through signs, symbols such as emotions, actions, gestures, reading and writing. Emotions can be explained by the quote “Face is the index of mind”. Our face shows the feel we are in.
Gestures accompany oral communication to express the feelings of the words spoken even traffic signals, boards convey some information. Tears, smile, hand movements, raising eyebrows are some types of emotions. It is very fascinating to know Central Washington University has been researching in communicating skills of chimpanzees.
There is an inspiring quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the book Theories of Human Communication by Ralph Waldo Emerson “ What you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear what you say” which stresses the importance of non-verbal communication.
Listening is an integral part of communication. As Tom Peters in his book of “Thriving on Chaos” says that “Good listeners provide good feedback and act on what they hear”. By listening or observing keenly one can get the essence of work going on. One more quote by Peters says that “oddly enough to perse, is the single best tool for empowering large number of others”.
As said in Theories of human communication by Little John quoted from Frank Dance three critical conceptual differentiation.
1. Level of Observation or Absractness
2. Intentionality
3. Judgment

Communication occurs between individuals and in different groups. There are different levels of communication. They are
1. Public
2. Interpersonal
3. Intrapersonal
Public communication is nothing but communicating between groups. A big conference would be a public communication, where communication takes place between a person in the podium and to hundreds of audience. Interpersonal communication is between two individuals. Intrapersonal communication occurs within us such as speaking to one’s own conscious mind. Most of us would have experienced this.

Conclusion:
Human communication had passed through decades and had achieved its significance. Although the term seems to be easy, most of us find it difficult to integrate it and reflect in our day to day class activities. By speaking plainly with simple terms, constrain emotions, listen actively and writing clearly eliminates most problems.
• As long as people are talking, they should be able to understand each other
• As long as you have right message, it doesn’t matter how we send it.
• More communication is always a good thing.
• Communication is a process, which must be practiced and learned

Knowledge gained in any field of study is of little value if it cannot be accurately or effectively communicated. So good communication leads to knowledge value.

The foundation makes grants and loans based on four programs. They are
Global Security and Sustainability:
This program focuses on international issues including human rights and international justice, peace and security, conservation and sustainable development, higher education in Nigeria and Russia, migration and human mobility, and population and reproductive health. This seeks to protect the security and well being of people and the environment around the world. The foundation had been giving grants globally mainly concentrating on four countries India, Mexico, Nigeria and Russia.

Human community and Development:
The Program on Human and Community Development focuses on the relationships among people, place, and systems in order to develop successful strong communities. This also concentrates on the shared interests between individuals, particularly the people in trouble or in need. Mac Arthur had launched a program on Digital Media and Learning, an effort to explore how digital media is inducing creativity on young people either through formal or informal education.

The General Program:
This program supports public interest media, including public radio, documentary programming, and work to explore the use of digital technologies to reach and engage the public. Grants are also made to arts and cultural institutions in the Chicago area and for special initiatives, including intellectual property rights in a digital environment.

The Mac Arthur Fellows Program:
This Program awards five-year, unrestricted fellowships to individuals across all ages and fields who show exceptional merit and promise of continued creative work. It is limited to U.S. citizens and residents.

Through all its grants, this foundation enriches people’s life style, supports research programs, and supports educational institutions and so on. Thus Mac Arthur is a grant developer and people life enhancer.

This was a particular time period in European history around a period of 1300 to 1600. This can be said as period where there was a drastic change that led to the birth of various technologies. This was a time where people left their religious beliefs and got around the real needs. Initially before the period of renaissance during Middle Ages people were restricted a lot with in the church and the economy was based completely on agriculture. It was during this period exploration and education gained its significance. The society was dominated a lot of central political institutions with an urban commercial attitude. People came off their fears with curiosity and explored a lot. Educational influence, industrial revolutions were influencing people’s life.

One of the important development during renaissance was printing, all the technologies started with publishing In 59BC a roman newspaper called Acta Diura published by Julius Ceaser. It was hand written. By the fifteenth century documents and books were hand written and hand copied mostly by Monks because they were the only people who knew to read and write. Johann Gutenburg was listed as a number 1 man of the most influential people in thousand years. He is the person who invented printing, which helped a lot in the field of publishing.His invention was respected a lot because it sponsored and helped a lot in the field of education.

People were interested in the happenings outside their environment. People were exposed to a lot of things. They were able found out new opportunities. There was a great increase in arts and education which gave people something to look forward to, and a life worth living. Even clothing fashion and styles were developed a lot at this time. People exposure made them to be creative and lots of inventions and innovations. In conclusion European Renaissance brought light to the whole world

As a graduate student at UCLA, Vinton Cerf was given the opportunity to work on research projects prescribed by the Advanced Research projects Agency or ARPA. The first of these projects was to develop what came to be known as the “Snuper Computer”. This machine was designed primarily to monitor programs that were running on another computer. In 1968, Cerf was one of the lucky graduate students to be chosen as a researcher for the ARPANET where he accomplished the initiation of Internet.

Tim Berner Lee, graduate Lee,graduate of Oxford University, England. In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing while he was working at CERN, the European Physics Laboratory. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of URIs which is now URL, HTTP and HTML were refined as Web technology spread. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined as Web technology spread.

Marc Andreesen was a student and part-time assistant at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois when the World Wide Web began to take off. His position at NCSA allowed him to become very familiar with the Internet. Like just about everyone else who was involved with the Internet, he also became familiar with the Web. In 1992 Marc along with Bina worked tirelessly and designed a new browser called Mosaic. They called their new browser Mosaic. It was much more sophisticated graphically than other browsers of the time. In early 1993, Mosaic was posted for download on NCSA's servers. It was immediately popular. Within weeks thousands of people had downloaded the software. Marc after leaving the university went to silicon valley and after getting help from Jim Clark started Netscape corporation. They designed a web browser with more usability than that of the Mosaic.

The field of Internet’s World Wide Web has achieved a lot of distinctions and it is expected to reach a lot of unexpected things. This proves Internet, integral part of Information Renaissance.

I was also surprised to see the Muncie lake and and also heard that Muncie owns the world’s second largest city owned lake. We can get access to groceries, stationeries and electronic needs with the available 24*7 supermarkets. Hospitals can be reached at any time and things can be cured up.

I knew Muncie just as a village, but when I came here and went around all these places it was a modern villages with all sophistication. Hats off to Muncie.

Moving back to my home country India, a different condition prevails. Basically I am also from a village, where a completely different kind of situation prevails. Agriculture is the main source of income in most of villages. There would no proper means of transportation, which is available only twice a day. No means of communication. For each and every basic needs we need to move to nearby town. Even though I knew that US was a developed country, I didn’t expect such a sophisticated life in a village in Indiana. India being a developing country is going to have all facilities in a few years.

There are two different means of communication, they are
• Verbal Communication.
• Non verbal Communication.

Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication includes visibility, emotions, actions, gestures, listening and writing. Emotions are also expressed by physical actions. Most of the time, the human face reflects the emotion or the feeling that the person has.
Gestures can simply be explained by the quotes of Sir Francis Bacon“ As the tongue speaketh to the ear, so gestures speaketh to the eye”. Gestures accompany oral communication to express the feeling of the words being spoken. Listening is also an integral part of communication through which we get to know what others mean.

Human communication can be classified as
• Intrapersonal communication
• Interpersonal communication

Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal Communication is a means of communication which occurs within an individual, i.e. speaking to one’s own conscious mind. Everyone in our life experiences this process. Making gestures while thinking or speaking to one’s self is an example of intrapersonal communication.

Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is the communication between two people or groups or between the organizations. The message is being sent from one person and feedback is received from the other side. This includes group communication, organization communication and so on. Group communication includes direct speech or exchange of information between a group.

There are certain factors that act as a barrier for effective communication
• Emotions
• Filtering
• Overloading the information
• Cultural difference
• Usage of technical words

Although the term human communication seems to be easy, most of us find it difficult to integrate it and reflect it in our day-to-day activities. This is because we think we are all aware of communication rules and mannerisms. Really saying by speaking plainly with simple terms, constrain emotions i.e. to speak in a neutral manner, listen actively, writing clearly will eliminate most communication problems.

Reference
Ruben, Brent D Human Communication Handbook. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction

Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_communication

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).
Title of document. Retrieved month day, year, from http://Web address.

Long tail:
Internet is composed of a number of big sites like google, yahoo, etc whose data is not restricted to a single topic. Small sites make up the bulk of the internets content; narrow niches make up the bulk of internet’s possible applications. Here niche refers to the field of specialization. Leverage customer self-service and algorithm data management to reach out to the entire web, to the edges and not just the center, to the long tail.

End of software release cycle:
In the past these internet sites were used as packages that can only be viewed, which was a degrading factor. But now the significance of web2.0 is that these internet sites are no longer restricted and are offered as service. So the later was known as info ware.

Co-operate, don’t control:
There should not be any force or control over the users, where users must be treated as co-developers in a source of open door development practices. Each and every user acts like a server and is been given an opportunity to add his views on certain topics.

Software above the level of single device:
The pc is no longer the only access device for internet application. Web 2.0 allows us to design application to integrate internet services with hand held devices and so on.

Thus the rich user experience and interoperability with other devices made Web 2.0 a evolution.

References:
1. http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2

3. http://www.paulgraham.com/web20.html