December 05, 2007

The Map and the Flooded Bridge

A rather interesting point about theory and practice was brought up by Dr Gillette during the final ICS 630 class of the semester. The analogy brought up was that of interstate 5 that had a section recently flooded. Maps printed before the flood that showed that the interstate was still connected although in reality it was not. According to Dr Gillette, the map represented the theory while the actual bridge was reality. Hence, he believed that “theory guides practice and practice corrects theory”.

However, I did not agree that the bridge represented practice. Instead, the bridge represented reality and the act of seeing the bridge was practice, as is the act of reading the map. Even so, I do agree that the map represented theory. However, I then erroneously proposed that practice did not correct theory but on further thought I have now concluded that it does.

Now, getting from one city to another on Interstate 5 is practice. The map being the theory guides the practice of getting from one city to another. Of course, if one was to take the fastest route on the map, one is bound to take the interstate and arrive at the flooded portion. At this point, one would know that the theory is wrong in this case, which is not surprising since there is a contradiction to every generality. Since this is the case, a master's job is to resolve the contradiction by changing the map. Therefore, practice does correct theory.

This brings me to another point at which I could and should have added value. As Dr Gillette said, there is no one correct solution, but there is at least one best solution. He proceeded to say that his proposition was not one of relativism because there may be many possible solutions, but a lot of them will be wrong and nowhere close to being a best solution.

In principle, this would be wrong if the map was theory and the bridge was practice. The fact is that the bridge if flooded. Saying otherwise will not change the fact. This is the case in all other circumstances. However, the bridge is not practice. The bridge is the truth, or at least the situation of the flooded bridge is the truth. It is not relative. There is ONE truth. However, the practice is the overcoming of the obstacle of the flooded bridge, and there are many ways to do so. One could get a boat, a helicopter, take a detour, wait for the flood to subside, swim across, etc. Some methods are better than others depending on the situation, but the situation remains the same. Thus, a possible contradiction is resolved.

December 01, 2007

Theory of Communication

According to Richard Feynman, knowing the name of a bird in many languages does not mean that one knew anything at all about the bird. Instead, one should look at the bird and observe its behaviour to know anything about it. According to Tom Peters, if you have friends, you can do anything (Peters, 1987). However, this paper is not just for “friends” and so the definitions will be provided first, and it will be the barest minimum required to ensure that there is minimum miscommunication with reference to terms.

To define “Human Communication”, we shall take it apart and define its components, and to be inclusive and avoid any controversy, “human” here will be defined as any living thing of the species Homo sapiens. “Communications” will be defined as the sending and receiving of information. Putting the parts together, we shall define “human communications” as the transfer of information between Homo sapiens through the channels available to them.
Having defined the terms thus, it is only natural that humans can transfer information through senses of taste, smell, touch, sound, and sight. The permutations for possible participants in human communications can only logically be one-to-self, one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many, and many-to-one.

Now that we have determined what human communications is, we will move on to discuss why human communication occurs. The quick and simple answer would be “to transfer information”, but why transfer information? “Knowledge is power” has become cliché, but being cliché does not have bearing on a statement’s validity. In fact, validity is a main reason why clichés become clichés in the first place. It is true; it gets repeated; it is still true, but now it is cliché.

Money, also, is power. However, when money is spent, it is gone. Sure, the government can print more, but that will only decrease the real value of money in circulation. However, when information is communicated, it is not lost by the sender. Therefore, while the circulation of money is a zero sum game, the circulation of knowledge is not.
Another difference between knowledge and other commodities is that while fortunes can be inherited, knowledge dies with its owner unless communicated. Therefore, human communication occurs because it is advantageous to the species and sets it apart, on top of the food web in the course of Darwinist natural selection. As Srikant said, “human communication is unavoidable” (Devaraj).

As mentioned earlier, humans communicate through five different channels of taste, smell, touch, sound, sight, and a combination of these. For example, at a wedding or birthday, joy is communicated through good food. Good food appeals to the senses of taste, smell, and sight. Each sense reinforces the others. Another example could be a beggar asking for money. He/she would probably not be as successful if he/she did not look and smell bad but merely asked for money through the sound channel. As Littlejohn said “words have a function beyond mere transfer of information” (Littlejohn, 2004). That is where the other senses come in and play their part.

Since communication is vital to survival, humans naturally pick the most efficient channels through which to communicate. Taste being the slowest and shortest range is rarely used. Of course, on the rare occasions when it is used, it is often used to great effect.

Smell and touch have a longer range but are still rather slow in propagating. They are also very difficult to mast in situations that require it. For example, a scout doing recce can keep very quit and move in the shadows, but it is almost impossible for him/her to prevent communication of his/her position through his/her body odor and heat to the enemy.

Sight and sound are the fastest and longest ranged mediums of communication. Thus, they are the most often used. For a long time, the only medium through which one could communicate with the future was through drawing and writing. More recently, audio recording has made it possible to also communicate with the future through sound.
Even so, sight is still far more effective and frequently used than sound. Scientifically, light travels faster than sound, but practically, sound also provides the picture that paints a thousand words. Of course, a picture that paints a thousand words is outdated today when we have the television and internet that are capable of thousands of frame per second.

This brings us to the point of departure that truly makes human communication different from other living things. Humans are the only living things that are able to use technology to enhance the senses; hence increasing their information throughput.

While bats can hear much better than humans, they cannot beat a human with a stethoscope or an electric amplifier. While birds can see further, they cannot see around the earth like a human can with a monitor and a webcam on the other side of the earth. Whales transmit sound over long distances under water, but humans lay undersea optical cables that can transmit at the speed of light that far surpasses the speed of sound.

According to Griff, communication is so common that most people do not realize that they are communicating (Goas). In a way, human communication is like God. Everybody wants to use it but nobody wants to understand it.
The simplest form of human communication is one to oneself. The next simplest is one to one. This is explained by the Shannon-Weaver Model as encoding, sending over a medium where some noise might occur, and decoding. However, moving beyond two, chaos theory kicks in as three body systems are inherently non-deterministic. Thus management, especially techniques that thrive on chaos, according to Tom Peters, are required (Peters, 1987).

Besides the problem of chaotic systems, there is also the problem of information integrity. As Brian Jones pointed out in the Mensa Bulletin, “an informed citizenry is the cornerstone of democratic government. Without information, even a nation of hyper-logical Vulcans would be unable to make sound decisions,” or as any artillery person might say in short, “no comms [communications], no fire.” Misinformation is increasingly rampant in a knowledge economy as knowledge is not just power but money as well. Therefore, the ability to discern, not just decode and filter noise is highly important.

In summary, human communication is the transmitting and receiving of information by Homo sapiens. This very important skill is the one that allowed humans to progress thus far in a Darwinist world of natural selection. Humans communicate through their five senses. Although other living things are also able to do so, humans do much better because of the application of technology. However, human communication is not perfect as there are noise, inherent chaos, and misinformation.

EVEN SO, WE MUST STILL COMMUNICATE!

In conclusion, this paper is an example of human communication. It has an introduction, some motivation, the main points, a summary of the main points, and a conclusion. Most importantly, before concluding, it has a call to action because knowledge without action is pointless.

Works Cited
Devaraj, S. Personal correspondence.
Goas, G. Personal correspondence.
Littlejohn, S. (2004). Theories of Human Communication. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.
Peters, T. (1987). Thriving on Chaos. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.